Peter and Paul, the two greatest leaders of the early church, are also commemorated separately, Peter on January 18th, for his confessionof Jesus as the Messiah, and Paul on January 25th, for his conversion, but they are commemorated together on June 29th in observance of the tradition of the church that they both died as martyrs in Rome during the persecution under Nero in 64.
Paul, the well-educated and cosmopolitan Jew of the diaspora,and Peter, the uneducated fisherman from Galilee, had differencesof opinion in the early years of the church concerning the missionto the Gentiles. More than once, Paul speaks of rebuking Peter forhis continued insistence on Jewish exclusiveness; yet their common commitment to Christ and the proclamation of the Gospel proved stronger than their differences; and both eventually carried that mission to Rome, where they were martyred. According to tradition, Paul was granted the right of a Roman citizen to be beheaded by a sword, but Peter suffered the fate of his Lord, crucifixion, although with his head downward.
A generation after their martyrdom, Clement of Rome, writing tothe church in Corinth, probably in the year 96, wrote: “Let us come to those who have most recently proved champions; let us take up the noble examples of our own generation. Because of jealousy and envy the greatest and most upright pillars of the church were persecuted and competed unto death. Let us bring before our eyes the good apostles—Peter, who because of unrighteous jealousy endured not one or two, but numerous trials, and so bore a martyr’s witness and went to the glorious place that he deserved. Because of jealousy and strife Paul pointed the way to the reward of endurance; seven times he was imprisoned, he was exiled, he was stoned, he was a preacher in both East and West, and won renown for his faith, teaching uprightness to the whole world, and reaching the farthest limit of the West, and bearing a martyr’s witness before the rulers, he passed out of the world and was taken up into the holy place, having proved a very great example of endurance.”